If there is no title on an item, eg. photo from the web, create a title and enter it in square brackets in place of the title. Include the type of material in the title
[Photo of child playing with dog]
Figure number
Figure Title
Image
Note: Figure general notes (if necessary to explain figure). From Title, by Author, Year, Source (URL)
Figure 1
Daisy Seed Head
Note: Photograph taken for the Click and Connect Program during Covid lockdown.
Figure 2
Prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis, by State and Territory, Australia, 2017-18
Note: Rates have been age-standardised to the 2001 Australian Standard Population as at 30 June 2001. From Allergic rhinitis, by Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2020, AIHW (https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/chronic-respiratory-conditions/allergic-rhinitis-hay-fever/contents/allergic-rhinitis)
Figure 3
Cones
Note: Polished stainless steel sculpture. From Cones, by B Flugelman, 1982, National Gallery of Australia website (https://nga.gov.au/)
Creator, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of image [Description of material]. In A. Author (if different from the creator). Title of work. (pp. x). Publisher. URL
Creator, A. A. (Year of creation). Title of image [Description of material]. Source of the item. URL
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (2004). Internal processes deliver value over different time horizons [Graph]. In Strategy maps: Converting intangible assets into tangible outcomes. Harvard Business School.
Monet, C. (1890). Haystacks, midday [Painting]. National Gallery of Australia. http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail-LRG.cfm?IRN=29073&View-LRG
Jordan, D. (2004). Hawaii's 'gentle' volcano more dangerous than thought [Photograph]. National Geographic. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/11587353.html
Barnes, C. (2005). [Library at Dawn] [Unpublished Photograph].
There are no specific guidelines on citing and referencing images generated by Artificial Intelligence.
Add a note to the image including the AI model used and the prompt used to create the image.
Figure 1
Human Heart and Lungs
Note: Image created in Adobe Express using the prompt: Create an image of a realistic human heart and lungs and the vessels connecting them.
Reference the AI tool used to create the image.
Author site. (Year). Name of site (Month Day version)[Large language model]. URL
Adobe. (2025). Adobe Express (Sep 8 version)[Large language model]. https://new.express.adobe.com/a/canberra.edu.au
If there is no author - substitute the title in the position of the author.
Title of work. (Year of publication). Publisher. DOI or URL
Macroeconomics, prices and quantities: Essays in memory of Arthur M. Okun. (1983). Blackwell.
If the date is not known use n.d. in place of the year. If you have an approximate date use the abbreviation ca. (circa) and the approximate year.
Author, A. A. (ca. year). Title of work. Publisher. DOI or URL
Author, A. A. (n.d.). Title of work. Publisher. DOI or URL
Smythe, V. (ca. 2007). Ant colonies: How they communicate. Emu.
Browne, J. D. (n.d.). Forensic science as a career. Tower.
Secondary source refers to information first reported in another source, the primary source. If it is possible, find the original source and read it, citing the original source. If this is not possible then use the procedure below.
Provide a reference to the secondary source (the source you read) and, in-text, identify the primary source then write "as cited in" the secondary source that you used. Include the original year if you know it.
(Author 1, Year of original, as cited in Author 2, Year)
Author 1, Year of original (as cited in Author 2, Year)
Lilly, 1997 (as cited in Maxwell, 1999) stated that ...
"..." (Schwartz, 2006, as cited in Burton et al., 2009, p.63)
Maxwell, F. (1999). Phonology. Brooks Cole.
Burton, L., Westen, D., & Kowalski, R. (2009). Psychology. Wiley.
Online Multimedia or Book Section (add your Description of material into the Abbreviation field)